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The ''Overland Limited'' (also known at various times as the ''Overland Flyer'', ''San Francisco Overland Limited'', ''San Francisco Overland'' and often simply as the ''Overland'') was a named passenger train which for much of its history was jointly operated by three railroads on the Overland Route between San Francisco and Chicago. The Southern Pacific Railroad handled the train west of Ogden, Utah, the Union Pacific Railroad between Ogden and Omaha, Nebraska/Council Bluffs, Iowa, and east of the Missouri River to Chicago it was operated by the Chicago and North Western Railway as well as, for a few years starting in 1905, by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (the "Milwaukee Road"). The named service on this route began on the UP first as the ''Overland Flyer'' (1887–96) and then ''Overland Limited'', and the SP began its own separate named ''Overland Limited'' train in 1899. The ''Overland'' name disappeared on C&NW's portion of the route on October 30, 1955, from the UP in 1956, and finally ended on the SP's portion as a separate year-round train on July 16, 1962 when that service was consolidated with the ''City of San Francisco''. == Overland history == The first contiguous transcontinental rail service on the "The Great American Over-land Route"〔∆ (''The Picturesque Tourist, A Handy Guide Round The World'' ). London: Adams, Hamilton & Co. 1877. p. xvi. (Centpacrr.com)g〕 between the eastern terminus of the Union Pacific on the Missouri River at Council Bluffs, Iowa〔• (Executive Order of Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, Fixing the Point of Commencement of the Pacific Railroad at Council Bluffs, Iowa. dated March 7, 1864. ) (38th Congress, 1st Session SENATE Ex. Doc. No. 27)〕/Omaha, Nebraska via Ogden, Utah (CPRR)〔∆ (Map of UP/CP connection at Ogden, U.T. ) ''The Picturesque Tourist'' 1877 p. 102. (Centpacrr.com)〕 and Sacramento (WPRR/CPRR) to the San Francisco Bay at the Oakland Wharf〔''Information Concerning the Terminus of the Railroad System of the Pacific Coast''. Oakland, CA: Daily Transcript Book and Job Printing Office. 1871 pp. 1-2, 7-9〕 was opened over its full length in late 1869.〔• ("The Official Date of Completion of the Transcontinental Railroad under the Provisions of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862, et seq., as Established by the Supreme Court of the United States to be November 6, 1869" ) ''Union Pacific Railroad vs. United States'' (99 U.S. 402), 1879. ''Acts and Joint Resolutions of Congress, and Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States Relating to the Union Pacific, Central Pacific, and Western Pacific Railroads.'' WASHINGTON, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1897 pp. 116-137〕 At that time just one daily passenger express train (and one slower mixed train) ran in each direction taking 102 hours to cover that 1,912 miles of the just completed Pacific Railroad route.〔Klink, William L. ("Modern Passenger Schedules and Their Development" (in Railway Transportation) ). University of Illinois, College of Commerce and Business Administration. 1918. p. 19〕〔∆ (''Travellers' Official Guide of Railways an Steam Navigation Lines in the United States and Canada'' ), June, 1870 pp. 215-16. (Centpacrr.com)〕 The first class fare between Council Bluffs/Omaha and Sacramento (the end of the Central Pacific Railroad proper) was $131.50. The additional fares on connecting trains east of Omaha/Council Bluffs on other lines were $20.00 to St. Louis, $22.00 to Chicago, $42.00 to New York, and $45.00 to Boston.〔∆ (Central Pacific Railroad & Union Pacific Railroad display advertisements ). The Salt Lake ''Daily Telegraph'', May 17, 1869〕 Round trip first class 30-day excursion fares between Omaha and San Francisco in 1870 ranged from $170 per person for groups of 20 to 24 to $130 for groups of 50 or more plus $14 for each double sleeping berth.〔∆ (''Travellers' Official Guide'' ) (June 1870) p. x. (Centpacrr.com)〕 During the decade of the 1870s the schedule was shortened by only 3 hours.〔Klink 1918 p. 19〕 In 1881 the scheduled time for the by then 43 mile shorter trip from Council Bluffs to San Francisco was about 98 hours. The first class fare had dropped to $100 with the combined charges for sleeping car accommodations on the Pullman's (UP) and Silver (CP) Palace Cars totaling $14 for a double berth and $52 for a Drawing Room that slept four.〔• (''Union & Central Pacific Railroad Line Timetable, Schedule of Fares, Connections, Information for Travelers'' ) (with 11 Engraved Illustrations and the Rand, McNally & Co. "New Map of the American Overland Route"). Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co., February, 1881〕 The first train on the route to include "Overland" in its name was the UP's ''Overland Flyer'' which went into service on November 13, 1887 connecting with the SP's ''Pacific Express'' (westbound) and ''Atlantic Express'' (eastbound) at Ogden. Between Chicago and Council Bluffs connecting service was provided by the Chicago and North Western. The ''Overland Limited'' 's formal name varied during its long career although it was generally referred to colloquially as the ''Overland'' regardless of whatever other nouns might be attached.〔Solomon 2000 p. 74〕 The Union Pacific introduced the ''Overland Flyer'' on November 13, 1887 and renamed it the ''Overland Limited'' on November 17, 1895.〔Beebe 1963 p. 13〕〔∆ (''THE OFFICIAL GUIDE of the RAILWAY and STEAM NAVIGATION LINES of the UNITED STATES and CANADA'' ) New York: National Railway Publication Co. 21st year, No. 8. January, 1889. p. 355. (Centpacrr.com)〕 On December 5, 1888 the SP joined with the UP to introduce its first deluxe transcontinental service, the weekly ''Golden Gate Special'', between San Francisco/Oakland via Ogden to Council Bluffs where passengers connected with the C&NW's trains 1 and 2 to and from Chicago although that extravagant extra-fare train was dropped after just five months.〔∆ (''THE OFFICIAL GUIDE'' ) January, 1889. p. 328. (Centpacrr.com)〕〔"The Golden Gate Special to be discontinued after the 12th of May", The Sacramento ''Daily Union'', Volume 61, Number 56, April 29, 1889, p. 1〕〔("The Finest Train in the World: The Golden Gate Special." ) Union Pacific Railway, Passenger Department (1888)〕 The cost for travel between San Francisco and Council Bluffs on this train was $60 for the First Class passage and $40 in extra fare for sleeping accommodations and meals in the dining car.〔∆ ("The Golden Gate Special" ), UP 8-panel folding brochure, December, 1888. (Centpacrr.com)〕 The name ''Overland'' had its roots in the West. In 1868, the chronicler of the California Gold Rush, Bret Harte, had founded a monthly literary magazine based in San Francisco named the ''Overland Monthly'' while previously various stagecoach companies such as the ''Butterfield Overland Mail'' had incorporated "Overland" into their names. The ''Overland'' was the subject of an early train documentary film short in 1901.〔(IMDB has "1901" ) and (another short 1901 ), however cf. John Huntley ''Railways in the cinema'' 1969 p.89 "THE SHORT FILM In addition to films like "Darlington Centenary" and "Night Mail" (see pages 47 and 52) the railways of the world have inspired countless documentary, instructional, factual, poetic, compilation and amateur films. ...Union Pacific Overland Limited (Edison, 1902)"〕 For a period of a few years in the early Twentieth Century beginning in 1905, the ''Overland'' used the Milwaukee Road between Chicago and Council Bluffs. Lucius Beebe contends that a possible reason for this the Union Pacific always intended to coerce better performance from the Chicago and North Western, and in fact a section of the ''Overland'' continued to use the C&NW during the period. (The C&NW would retain its close partnership with the UP between Chicago and Council Bluffs/Omaha for its various through ''Overland'' and ''City'' trains for another half century until the Milwaukee Road finally took over all that service on October 30, 1955.〔("Now ... Service to all the West" ). ''The Milwaukee Road Magazine'', Vol. 43, No. 7. October, 1955. pp. 4-6〕) For the next decade the ''Overland's'' connection at Ogden to and from San Francisco was with the eastbound ''Atlantic Express'' and westbound ''Pacific Express'' until October 15, 1899 when the SP inaugurated its own new ''Overland Limited'' (TR1&2) which became the UP's identically named Ogden to Omaha/Council Bluffs train providing 71-hour through service. The SP described its new first class train as "An Elegant Solid Vestibuled Train of Composite Car, with library, Smoking Parlor, Buffet, etc. Luxurious Double Drawing-room Sleeping Cars, Dining Car. The Fastest Overland service in the history of transcontinental railroading."〔∆ (SP ''Overland Limited'' Advertisement ) The San Francisco ''Call'', November, 1899. (Centpacrr.com)〕 On January 1, 1913 the ''Overland Limited'' became an extra-fare ($10) train when it further cut its running time from 68 to 64 hours and added amenities such as a barber, manicurist, stenographer, bath, etc.〔∆ ("SOUTHERN PACIFIC. Company to Run A New De Luxe Train." ) The ''Straits Times'', November 19, 1912, p. 9. (Centpacrr.com)〕 Known variously as both the ''Overland Limited'' and ''San Francisco Overland Limited'' for the next 32 years, on May 31, 1931 the service again became the ''San Francisco Overland Limited'' when its train numbers changed from "1 and 2" to "27 and 28", and on July 10, 1947 the designation "Limited" was dropped from the name altogether.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Overland Limited (UP train)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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